Atoms are the smallest particles that cannot be subdivided in a chemical reaction. A positive atom contains a dense nucleus and several negatively charged electrons surrounding the nucleus. The nucleus of a negative atom is negatively charged, and the surrounding negative electrons are positively charged. The nucleus of a positive atom consists of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons. The antiproton in the nucleus of the negative atom is negatively charged, so that the nucleus of the negative atom is negatively charged. When the number of protons is the same as the number of electrons, the atom is neutral; otherwise, it is an ion with a positive or negative charge. Depending on the number of protons and neutrons, the types of atoms are also different: the number of protons determines which element the atom belongs to, and the number of neutrons determines which isotope of the element. [3] Atoms make up molecules and the same kind of charges in the molecules that make up substances repel each other, and different kinds of charges attract each other.
The order of the atomic diameter is about 10⁻¹⁰m. The mass of the atom is extremely small, generally -27th power, and the mass is mainly concentrated in protons and neutrons. There are electrons distributed outside the nucleus, and the electron transition produces a spectrum. The electron determines the chemical properties of an element and has a great influence on the magnetism of the atom. All atoms with the same number of protons constitute elements, and most of each element has an unstable isotope that can undergo radioactive decay.
The atom was originally an abstract concept with ontological significance in philosophy. With the advancement of human understanding, the atom gradually changed from an abstract concept to a scientific theory. Atomic nuclei and electrons are microscopic particles and constitute atoms. And atoms can form molecules.
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